Essay on Renaisssance versus Baroque Periods - 967 Words

The baroque and renaissance periods are two different periods. The renaissance period rolled into the baroque era. There were changes made over the years from the baroque to the renaissance period. Differences in style accumulated along with views of art and music. Baroque era covers the period between 1600 and 1750 beginning with Monte Verdi (birth of opera) and ended with deaths of Bach and Handel. The term baroque music is borrowed from the art history. It follows the Renaissance era (1400-1600). It was initially considered to be a corrupt way of Renaissance by conservatives. The dominant trends in Baroque music correspond to those in Baroque art and literature. Some features of Baroque art included a sense of movement, energy, and†¦show more content†¦Instruments such as the harpsichord, the spinet, and the lute became more than just accompaniment for singers; they became a way of expressing emotions. A modern listener can almost picture what the Renaissance composer or musician was feeling when he or she was writing a piece of music. The music of the Elizabethan era had a large influence on the advancement of all music. Humanism was the basic concept of the Italian Renaissance. It is the term used to define that philosophical move ment in Italy at the end of the 14th century and during the 15th and 16th centuries which asserted the right of the individual to the use of his own reason and belief, and stressed the importance and potential of man as an individual. [3] This concept can be identified with a belief in the power of learning and science to produce the complete man. This was the way of their world and the basis of their modern civilization. Modern Humanism originated in the Renaissance when scholars, writers, poets, artists, philosophers and scientists sought regeneration in the free intellectual spirit of Classical times. [4] Art during the Renaissance period stylized religious themes. Artist during the renaissance period had his or her own way of painting. They did not practice the system of geometric perspective, but nonetheless created a convincing appearance of reality. Painting and sculpture were no longer

Leadership in Project Management - 2078 Words

Leadership is one of the most elusive disparities in project management. All successful project managers are not always the most successful leaders. Many of us probably have experienced interacting with such project managers wondering how these managers were able to meet their project goals without having the ability to motivate people and develop a cohesive team. The answer is that these managers were lucky enough to have team members who were passionate about their jobs and delivered the results, which helped the project managers to be successful. The challenge is that project management skills can be obtained through courses, certifications, and degrees but there are not such tools available to become an effective leader. On†¦show more content†¦Project managers’ questions also indicate the level of importance and priority of a certain task or issue that requires attention. In an organization practicing portfolio management system, the wrong leadership selection im mediately sends damaging signals about priority, collaboration, and resources across the organization. Bungled project leadership appointments – inept technical skills, project management and/or facilitation skills – derails and overburdens a well-targeted project due to rework, deterioration of cross-functional collaboration, and clumsy communication. Senior leaders repeatedly get caught up in the dilemma of every initiative being deemed an A priority. Effective project leaders lobby and compete for the active personal and political support by boards and senior leadership in their project. There are just so many projects and initiatives that the senior team can sponsor and monitor. There is an implicit line below which there is no real time, no excitement, no personal payoff – the juice is just not worth the squeeze. These no wow initiatives often fail to get fully airborne as they meander along, searching for senior sponsorship, and consuming political capital and material resources. (http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/188646463.html) Problem Solving â€Å"The measureShow MoreRelatedLeadership: Project Management1237 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Paper This short paper is about leadership and management. The initial part of this paper will explore the qualities of leadership and its affect on project management. The next section will investigate some of the CEO s management styles and their comparable success rates within industry. The reflection of project management s code of ethics affect on leadership in general concludes the research presentation. The writer concludes with his own summation of leadership. Leadership Read MoreEffective Management And Leadership For Project Managers Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesMany observers of architectural, engineering, and facilities management organizations have noted how little planning designers undertake for their own benefit. Design and facilities managers continually preach to their internal and external clients of the need to undertake regular planning. However, within their own operations, designers often lack an ongoing planning process, effective management systems, regular evaluation of operations and performance, continual training of their own staff, andRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3470 Words   |  14 PagesOUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY ANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATT connects peopleRead MoreAtT Project Management Center of Excellence Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership3459 Words   |  14 PagesFATIMA UNIVERSITY ANTIPOLO CAMPUS A BUSINESS CASE STUDY ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership Submitted to: Dr, Marmelo V. Abante - CCS Dept. Head / Project Management Professor - Submitted by: Brioso, John Oliver P. - Student - ATT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE Communications Leader Promotes Project Management Leadership INTRODUCTION As a world leader in communication technology, ATTRead MoreThe Practices Of Successful Project Managers, Their Leadership Skills, And Management Roles2206 Words   |  9 PagesPMBOK  ® Guide, â€Å"Leadership is the ability to get things done through others and focusing the efforts of a group of people toward a common goal and enabling them to work as a team† (PMBOK, 2013). Being the project manager or director does not only require the task of a supervisor but also a leader and an authority. The leader manages, communicates, motivates and guides the entire team project and entities involved with it. In this paper, we will discuss the practices of successful project managers, theirRead MoreNursing Leadership Critical Discussion of a Change Management Project Strategy4391 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Nursing Leadership Critical Discussion of a Change Management Project Strategy: EHR and Patient Safety Issues Objective The objective of this study is to crucially discuss and reflect on a change management project of strategy that has been undertaken in a health-related organization and specifically the implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) and patient safety issues. I. Aim of the Change (In Relation to Organizational Mission and Strategic Goals/Objectives) The aims of the changeRead MoreA Research Study On Project Management922 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Institute. (Partington, 1996) States that with the rapid transformation from bureaucratic and hierarchical structures to more flexible, organic and matrix organizations conferences, seminars and organizations proliferated on how to manage projects. The PMI (Project Management Institute) was founded in 1969 as a nonprofit organization with the sole objective to â€Å"foster recognition of the need for professionalism in project management; provide a forum for the free exchange of projectRead MoreLeadership And Management Skills Development And Effective Use Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership and Management Skill Development and Effective Use Introduction Leader comprise of people who analysis a situation and take initiative to implement change for the betterment of the business or organization they have enrolled to work for. Good leaders will never observe negative aspects of a business as being weaknesses but as being opportunities to improve the organizations operation and growth. This is the precise situation experienced by the International Institute of Educational ExcellenceRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Project1174 Words   |  5 Pagesactors of a project determine its eventual success. While projects are regarded as information processing systems, the actors shape the outcome of the project mainly because they are involved in the intricacies of planning, assessing and implementing (Winch, 2012). This is despite any technical automotive system used since the controller is responsible for configuring the system. Consequently, the delegation of roles and responsibilities is crucial to attaining the intended outcomes of a project. SomeRead MoreCase Study : Macon, Inc.930 Words   |  4 Pagesto blame in project delays or quality standards, and have scarce attention to the organization’s interests. Delays were almost always present, quality compromised, customers were choosing their own project managers to ensure their interests, projects were constantly failing, and the president of the company, who was a strong believer of project management, decided that action was needed to achieve excellence in project management. II. Question and response Considering the Management Support element

American Theme Individualism Essay Example For Students

American Theme Individualism Essay Literary works reflect the main ideas of the American mind. An American theme that is seen in various works of literature is individuality. Individuality is expressed in three different literary works from Frost, Chopin, and Paine. These works of literature aid us in developing an open mind about what the American people should expect in society. Following others doesnt guide us in any way because it does not allow for us to express our innermost feelings. Throughout these three works, individualism is expressed in various ways. Although all three works do illustrate the idea of individualism, Paine seems to approach it in a different way. Robert Frosts poem, The Road Not Taken, is an insightful idealistic attempt in illustrating the paradox of free will. In the first line, Frost uses the metaphor Two roads diverged 1, to establish not only the hard decision the traveler must make in the poem, but life itself. The decisions we make in life, like the traveler in this poem are not to be taken carelessly. Many have a desire to be adventurous, yet we fear possibilities of failing if we are different from others. In this poem, the road that he decides to take is wanted wear. This road is not a well-traveled path and no one has taken it before. The central idea of Frosts poem is individualism. Frost shows that being his own person makes life so much easier. Frost shows us that we should all express our feelings and be our own person, even if no one else will follow. He took the path that no one else did and that has made all the difference. Similarly, in Kate Chopins short story The Story of an Hour, the central theme of individuality is also expressed. When Mrs. Mallard received the news of her husband s death, she was in a deep state of grief. After she realized that she would now have freedom, she began to rejoice. Even though she loved her husband and will weep for him again, one thought comes to her over and over again: free, free, free! 546. Mrs. Mallard realizes at that instant that her life from now on is her own to live as she chooses; no more will she have to give in to the needs and wishes of her husband. She experiences a sense of independence to be who she wants to be without having to worry about her husband. This reflects the idea of individuality because Mrs. Mallard would live for herself548. She was delighted to be able to make her own decisions and be free! Body and soul free548. In contrast, Thomas Paines The Crisis, Number 1, expresses the theme of individualism in a different way. I love the man that can smile at trouble: that can gather strength from distress, and grow brave by reflection124. Thomas Paine illustrates the idea that those who are free and can look at themselves and see that they live their own life without anyone else, have courage. People, who decide to be independent and not follow anyone else, demonstrate their bravery. Paine expresses his thoughts on giving up on something. He feels that we should strive for what we want to do for though the flame of liberty may sometimes cease to shine, the coal can never expire125. Therefore, we can see that American themes do imitate the essential thoughts of the American mind. Most American people illustrate the American theme of individualism and it plays a major role in shaping our world today.

Two Tramps In Mud Time Essays (493 words) - British Poetry

Two Tramps in Mud Time On the surface, "Two Tramps in Mud Time" seems to display Robert Frost's narrow individualism. The poem, upon first reading it, seems incongruent, with some of the stanzas having no apparent connection to the whole poem. The poem as a whole also does not appear to have a single definable theme. At one point, the narrator seems wholly narcissistic, and then turns to the power and beauty of nature. It is, however, in the final third of the poem where the narrator reveals his true thoughts to the reader, bringing resolution to the poem as a single entity, not merely a disharmonious collection of words. At the outset of the poem, the narrator gives a very superficial view of himself, almost seeming angered when one of the tramps interferes with his wood chopping: "one of them put me off my aim". This statement, along with many others, seems to focus on "me" or "my", indicating the apparrent selfishness and arrogance of the narrator: "The blows that a life of self-control/Spares to strike for the common good/That day, giving a loose to my soul,/I spent on the unimportant wood." The narrator refers to releasing his suppressed anger not upon evils that threaten "the common good", but upon the "unimportant wood". The appparent arrogance of the narrator is revealed as well by his reference to himself as a Herculean figure standing not alongside nature, but over it: "The grip on earth of outspread feet,/The life of muscles rocking soft/And smooth and moist in vernal heat." Unexpectedly, the narrator then turns toward nature, apparently abandoning his initial train of thought. He reveals the unpredictability of nature, saying that even in the middle of spring, it can be "two months back in the middle of March." Even the fauna of the land is involved with this chicanery; the arrival of the bluebird would to most indicate the arrival of spring, yet "he wouldn't advise a thing to blossom." The narrator points to the conclusion that, while on the surface, things appear to be one thing, there is always something hidden below, much like "The lurking frost in the earth beneath..." In the final three stanzas of the poem, the "frost" within the narrator comes to the surface. The humility of the narrator comes to light, with the narrator saying that the tramps' right to chop wood for a living "was the better right--agreed." The narrator also says, "Except as a fellow handled an ax,/They had no way of knowing a fool," insomuch as admitting to his foolishness. On the surface, the poem seems to be two poems with diverging themes. However, Robert Frost guides there two apparently unrelated thoughts into one idea from the heart: "My object in living is to unite/My avocation and my vocation/As my two eyes make one in sight." Perhaps the narrator is the true Frost coming to the surface.

Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example

Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Example Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Information Technology Advances In Hotel Industry Tourism Essay Essay Director IT, Amadeus ) and ( Video by CIO Hyatt on IT in Hotel Industry ) 4.4 Multi centripetal Marketing in International Hotel Chain across UK, India and Singapore With dynamic alterations in hotel industry, International giants are prolonging challenges. From Product extensions to Brandicide, run intoing quality criterions guaranteed globally in complex ( Amadeus, 2011 ) . What Hotels have now noticed is a displacement in Paradigm. From a 2 dimensional attack to a 5 D holistic attack, because consumer s demand edification in signifier of customization. The cardinal to Business transmutation is altering with clip, accommodating new environments, invention and simpleness to emotional impact the client experience. Building on this theory, the writer noticed non much of innovative and alteration information is academically expressed in the selling industry. What the writer wants to convey is when Lectors from universities across Manchester, Newcastle under Lyme, Stafford, Birmingham were interviewed to acquire an academic background, really small of information was really discussed or observed. More surprisingly, some of the academic beginnings ha d involvements in Hospitality industry and travel adjustment because of its diverse operations but yet Literature on hotel industry in Universities is limited in footings of Analyzing Modules. One of the grounds observed during interviews with Hoteliers and staff was of corporate rigidity, inflexibleness to accommodate or expose to new environments. Shockingly, Operations Manager Marriott Birmingham, Balaji Subramaniam along with Debbie Wyatts ( HR and Events Manager ) agreed to the extent of this rigidity. They added, Inflexibility has ever been associated with Hotel industry because it is diverse and seasonal, of class we would wish to portion the Best patterns with healthy competition . Senior Manager, Mark Starfov ( Ramada Jarvis Group ) shared that hotel industry or instead cordial reception is closely linked to edification. That itself describes why the industry is non unfastened to treatments or alterations. Mark added that sing the economic crisis there could be a displac ement in their attacks but the corporate thought and operations ( rigid he claims ) is ever apparent. Table 4.4.1 shows the impact of each signifier of centripetal component interlinked yet utilized in marketing across these International Hotel Chains in UK, India and Singapore. To carry on the questionnaire study, study monkey tool was used. The study was done in 3 parts. Separate 1 and 2 for corporate users across India, Singapore and UK in metropoliss like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and Hyderabad, London, Manchester, Birmingham and Newcastle under Lyme. Part 3 of the study was a questionnaire discoursing employee battle and their consciousness of centripetal stigmatization associated in their Chain Hotel. In order to understand the effects on buying determination few experiments included blind turn uping clients to understand how centripetal environments are created ( Heston, 2011 ) . Four normally used Mild aromas were used to understand the client experience phenomena. Besides for Tactile Influence intents, fruit flavored ice confects were used. What was peculiarly changed was the gustatory sensation and colour. Since interviewees were blind folded, ice confects like orange, Ananas comosus, raspberry and vanilla were used to understand the palettes. Howev er as we all know the colour of Orange is orange, this clip the writer used Edible nutrient colouring in Ice confects that changed the colour from what consumer s perceived. Again understanding that these interviewees were extremely sophisticated all ethical facets were discussed with anterior permission. As we eat with our eyes, ocular perceptual experience has ever been the first component to act upon buying determinations ( Ramsay, 2009 ) When the interviewees were unfolded, they were shocked to detect the peculiar blend of spirit and colour and admitted that there can be a displacement in ocular perceptual experience. Sing Scent selling to be extremely expensive and societal, aromas used included Rainforest ( blend of aromatic spices with patchouly ) , Fresh Linen ( Lavender, Orange and Caribbean Sea salt ) , Gardenia ( Floral aromas with intimation of citrous fruit infusions ) and Fresh Magnolia ( vanilla and cocoa with lavender vervain and intimations of aromatic ginger root ) . Each of the above mentioned were experimented at Marriott, IHG hotels, Ramada Jarvis, Hilton Park Lane and Westin Group Hotels with the aid of Britain s lone sensory branding aroma development company Scentair. Figure 4.4.1 shows the impact of centripetal stigmatization in Hotel Industry globally Figure 4.4.1 The sense of Visual Marketing The inquiry is non what you look at, but what you see Henry David Thoreau cited by Lindstorm, 2005 From Figure 4.4.1 it is apparent that sellers have merely been aiming the ocular impact of merchandises and services, nevertheless the remainder 4 senses are rationally ignored. Color, infinite and architecture included in the experiential stigmatization are portion of the Visual Holistic Marketing construct. ( Aroma Logo, 2010 ) . How can a sense every bit strong as this be interlinked with the others. In earlier chapter the experiment done clearly indicated that when Ice confects were provided to B2B clients, on seeing the ice confects, sing colour, texture, persons created a perceptual experience. To carve invention in a perceptual experience involves high concentration on impulse timings and reactions from consumers. The focal point on Customer battle plays a critical function. Naturally because we eat with our eyes, consumers witnessed a displacement in paradigm as the colour of the ice confects really differed to the spirit. ( Lindstorm, 2005 ) . To make a sophisticated impacti ng environment, during the study 92 % of the persons said the anteroom was the most impressive portion of the hotel, with proper lighting and Staff Uniforms being the high spot ( Survey Monkey, 2011 ) . The sense of Auditory Marketing in Hotel Industry Rhythm is a spice of life. As the Inuit asks the visitant out of the cold: Speak so I may see you. Add a voice, even a susurration, so that the other is truly there David Rothenberg cited by Lindstorm 2005 Survey conducted indicated, 75 % of B2B invitees preferred the music in Lobbies, eating houses and transitions. Ronal E. Millman published a survey in the Journal of Consumer Research indicating that if the pacing is precise, music played in the background really affected the service Stationss peculiarly hotel eating houses and events. The slower the music the more clip invitees spend at these topographic points. Another experiment at the Ramada Jarvis, Newcastle revealed that when background music was stopped at the Lobby, guests instead would non prefer waiting or travel to another country where music is played. 55 % of the persons said that they prefer to carry on meetings, events, conferences in topographic points where music is customized and harmonizing to their demands. While 77 % said that the pacing makes alterations in the temper, on Fridays if the pacing of the music is high, loud on Bose constituents, more people start sing saloon and eating houses. While 78 % of those th at were busying the hotel said, it helps them loosen up when music is soft and base. Contradicting properties but works in the hotel industry. For hotels like Hilton, InterContinental that bank of their In house saloon on Fridays and Saturdays affecting with elegance via music is speedy pro ( Rocha, 2011 )

London as a Global City

London as a Global City Introduction A global city is a city which has a big economic significance in the world. Thus for a city to be deemed as global or world class it has to pass certain criteria. These criteria include economic characteristics, political characteristics, cultural characteristics, transport characteristics, and many others such as population, information exchange, human capital, and business activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to recent surveys Asian cities are emerging as newcomers in the prominence of cities on the globe. For instance in the latest survey according to Kearney (2010), 5 of the top ten global cities come from Asia. Currently London is ranked second after New York City. Reasons why London is a global city The city of London is considered a global city because of many reasons. The city is a metropolitan and therefore it has a mixtur e of different cultures. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2010), London ranks second after New York. This index is based on the rich human resource and the cultural wealth and other strengths. Business activities in London are also of a very high index. The human capital of the British capital is also increasing. Population of London According to Bentham (2010), London’s population is set to reach 8.3 million people. This means that the population is increasing by 10% in a period of eight years. In addition to this, more people in England are moving from the rural areas into London for many reasons. The report also states that fewer Londoners are moving abroad. Increased population has the advantage of increased human resource and also the presence of a ready market for goods and services. GDP of London The GDP of London is currently on the rise. As Packer (2004) writes, London has grown to become a major financial centre of the world. London is a metropolitan capital and which still remains a powerful center where the world gets sucked. Before being overtaken by New York in the twentieth century, London had been leading other world cities in terms of size and wealth. Cultural wealth of London Since time immemorial, London has continued to increase in its cosmopolitan state. The British capital has continued to attract human labor from across the whole world. For instance it attributes its name from Italian linguistics whereby the city of London emanated from the Roman Londonium which was a tribal capital of Britannia. Cultural wealth of London is an accompaniment of the way in which Britain gained colonial powers. Slave trade as Packer (2004) puts it, made Britain ports to fill with cultural diversity which later on spread to the interior.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Transport facilities London has invested heavily in the transport sect or. There is an excellent network of roads and railway lines traversing across London. London is also well known for its highly developed marine transport. The good network of transport facilities provides the ease of movement of goods to and from the market. Movement of Human labor is also enhanced. According to Litman (2006), London has continued to decongest its roads by implementing certain measures. Henrion (2010), also states that businessmen can travel quickly into London from other European cities. Medical facilities in London London is well endowed with world class medical facilities. According to Uhlhorn (2010), London health care facilities are among the top of the world as it is with the Australian facilities. Major laboratory researches are done in London universities. Medical centers such as the UCL medical center are also characterized by world class research facilities. Information exchange of London London was among the first city in the world to use transmission of information in form of radio waves. The use of this system is dated back during the Second World War when Britain used the technology of radar to track airplanes. London has also excelled in the IT sector such that its development has also been attributed to its existing IT policies. Business and economic activities There are many business activities in London. The major businesses activities include stock exchange, banking industry, insurance industry, transport industry, real estate business among others. Services in the business industry also present a major source of income for the Londoners. The City University, London (2010) informs how information exchange is used in almost all sectors and how Londoners are being educated on how to use this system. Political stability Political stability of Britain has enabled her capital to grow expansively throughout the years. British political system has enhanced the presence of peace. The presence of peace makes London an attractive pla ce to invest, visit or live. According to Durham (2005), political situation in London has been formulated to accommodate all kinds of people including gays. Conclusion In conclusion London’s prosperity has been depending upon the above factors. Other factors which have enabled London to develop to a world class city include, tourism sector whereby people from all over the world have been able to access London’s beauty. London has some of the best hotels in the world. In addition to all the above, Britain also has an excellent learning system whereby some of the universities are well known to be world class. This is according to the Consolidated School District of New Britain (2010)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on London as a Global City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Bentham, (2010). Population of London set to hit 8.3m high, Evening Standard, 2010 Web. Available at: thisislondon.co. uk/standard/article-23838968-population-of-london-set-to-. Bloomberg (2010). Business week, top global cities 2010 Web. Available at: http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/09/0928_best_global_cities_2010/3.htmhit-83m-high.do . City University, London (2010). Guidelines on the use of Display Screen Equipment Web. Available at: city.ac.uk/hr/policies/wellbeing/display.html. Durham, M. (2005). Abortion, Gay Rights and Politics in Britain and America: A Comparison, Parliamentary Affairs Vol. 58 No. 1, Hansard Society for Parliamentary Government 2005, pp 89-103 Henrion, N. (2010). Transportation Guide from Paris to London by Air, Rail and Road Web. Available at: suite101.com/content/transportation-guide-from-paris-to-london-by-air-rail-and-road-a266441. Kearney, A.T. (2010). Global cities index Web. Available at: atkearney.com/index.php/Publications/global-cities-index.html . Litman, T. (2006). London Congestion Pricing Implications for Other Cities. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, pp 8.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Packer, D. (2004). London: Heart of Empire and Global City Socialist Outlook: SO/04 –  Autumn 2004 Web. Available at: isg-fi.org.uk/spip.php?article260 . The Consolidated School District of New Britain ct, (2010). Britain Board of Education website Web. Available at: csdnb.org/#home. Uhlhorn, D. (2010). The fifth estate, Medical facilities: Translational research – from the  Bench to the bedside Web. Available at: thefifthestate.com.au/ .

Critiq a research methadology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critiq a research methadology - Essay Example Some studies showed the positive effects of acupuncture towards these disorders, a considerable number of reports also showed that there is no difference between those subjected to auricular acupuncture and those in controlled studies. Since acupuncture is a procedure, putting it into a clinical test would entail that meticulous guidelines be followed. These procedural guidelines stem from the methodical understanding of the nature of acupuncture and of the character of drugs used. Hence this study, aside from dealing with the specific controlling factors of acupuncture also takes into consideration factors that are non-specific such as the use of questionnaires, monitoring of drug use and other aspects that would result to confuse the findings. This study was conducted using a randomized clinical trial aiming to determine if auricular acupuncture has significant and positive results towards the treatment of drug dependence in methadone-maintained addicts. This specific patient popul ation was opted for the use of addition to cocaine is a grave problem in methadone maintenance programs or MMPs. II. The Methods and Methodology Used in the Study A Randomized Controlled Trial of Auricular Acupuncture for Cocaine Dependence (Avants, et. al., 2000) Participant Selection: Entrance and Discontinuation Criteria The inclusion criteria for the research participants are the following: 1. They should be at least 18 years of age 2. They should be enrolled in methadone maintenance programs (MMPs) with a stable dose of methadone. 3. They should be able to meet the criteria for cocaine used as established by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV25 4. They should be able to show recent cocaine use: a. able to provide a cocaine-positive urine sample (at the time of screening) b. able to provide a detailed report of cocaine use (week before the screening) c. able to provide a cocaine positive urine sample (within two weeks before screening) The exclusion criteria for the re search participants are the following: 1. They should not be dependent to other substance other than cocaine, nicotine or opiates 2. They should not undergo any current treatment for cocaine dependence They should not have any current use of psychotropic medication (except when they are maintained in a regimen for this specific medication for 90 days) 3. They should not have previous acupuncture treatment for a period of 30 days They should not manifest suicidal nor psychotic status The discontinuation* criteria for the research participants are the following 1. Failure to attend 3 of first 8 sessions 2. Failure to attend less than session per week * Those who discontinued the research were termed as noncompleters Figure 1. The flow and progress of patients and their corresponding treatments throughout the trial (Avants, et. al., 2000). Randomization A computer-based randomization procedure was conducted by a staff member after the completion of the patient’s screening as wel l as intake interviews. The randomization procedure was used in order to set of scales for the participants on conditions such as a) sex; b) race; and c) HIV status. During the orientation, patients were kept abreast of their treatment assignments through a prescribed standardized script. Patients